History | Class 10 | Chapter 3: Anti-British Rising and Peasant Revolts in Assam

History | Class 10 | Chapter 3: Anti-British Rising and Peasant Revolts in Assam | Question Bank Solutions SEBA.

Chapter 3 — Anti-British Rising and Peasant Revolts in Assam

HSLC Exam. Questions

MCQ & Very Short Questions: Mark : 1

1. In which year slavery was abolished in Assam? [HSLC’16]
Answer: Slavery was abolished in Assam in 1843.

2. Who was hanged along with Maniram Dewan? [HSLC’18]
Answer: Piyali Barua was hanged along with Maniram Dewan.

3. In which of the following years, the British stopped slavery in Assam? [HSLC’19]
(a) 1843 (b) 1857 (c) 1860 (d) 1863
Answer: (a) 1843

4. Who was hanged along with Maniram Dewan? [HSLC’20]
(i) Mayaram Nazir (ii) Sheikh Farmud Ali
(iii) Piyali Barua (iv) Dutiram Barua
Answer: (iii) Piyali Barua

5. Who wrote the application to Moffat Mills against fixation of high land revenue from the Assamese peasants? [HSLC’22]
(i) Maniram Dewan (ii) Piyali Barua
(iii) Mahatma Gandhi (iv) Anandaram Dhekial Phukan
Answer: (i) Maniram Dewan

6. The Jaintia Revolt of 1861 was led by: [HSLC’23]
(a) Tikendrajit (b) Sambhudhan Kachari
(c) Ukiang Nongbah (d) Piyoli Phukan
Answer: (c) U Kiang Nongbah

7. Fill in the blanks choosing the correct answer from the alternatives given in brackets:

(i) The British officer who died at the hands of public in the Phulaguri Dhawa Revolt was ______ (Lieutenant Singer/ Mc Cabe/ J.D. Anderson/ Herbert Sconce). [HSLC’23]
Answer: Lieutenant Singer

8. Write whether the following are true or false:

(i) Leeladhar Barua was the Assamese who participated in the Dandi March of Gandhi. [HSLC’23]
Answer: True

9. Who led the Revolt of 1857 in Assam? [HSLC’23]
Answer: Maniram Dewan led the Revolt of 1857 in Assam.

10. When was slavery banned in Assam? [HSLC’24]
(a) In 1829 (b) In 1843 (c) In 1856 (d) In 1870
Answer: (b) In 1843

11. The peasant revolt which took place in the year 1861 is: [HSLC’24]
(a) Peasant Revolt of Rangia
(b) Peasant Revolt of Lachima
(c) Peasant Revolt of Patharughatar
(d) Phulaguri Dhawa
Answer: (d) Phulaguri Dhawa

12. Who led the revolt of the ethnic tribes of North Cachar in 1881? [HSLC’24]
(a) Veer Tikendrajit (b) Sambhudhan Phonglosa
(c) Ukiang Nongbah (d) Raja Kulachandra
Answer: (b) Sambhudhan Phonglosa

13. Choose the correct option based on the following Assertion (A) and Reason (R): [HSLC’25]

Assertion (A): In the last decades of the 19th century, Assam witnessed a series of peasant revolts.
Reason (R): Peasants organized themselves through the Raij Mels.

(a) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(b) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
Answer: (a) (A) is true, but (R) is false

14. How did the British Government’s treatment of the leaders of the revolt of Manipur affect subsequent resistance movements in the region? [HSLC’25]

(a) It encouraged further resistance by demonstrating that British authority could be contested.
(b) It led to a decline in local resistance due to increased repression.
(c) It created a sense of cooperation between British authorities and local leaders.
(d) It did not have any significant impact on future resistance movements.

Answer: (a) It encouraged further resistance by demonstrating that British authority could be contested.

15. According to Heramba Kanta Borpujari, several Brahmin Purohits of Upper Assam joined the 1857 Revolt. Which was the correct reason for it? [HSLC’25]

(a) They supported the cause of Ahom aristocracy.
(b) They lost their jobs after the British annexation of Assam.
(c) The British took away their excess Lakheraj (revenue-free) lands.
(d) They wanted to free India from the British.

Answer: (c) The British took away their excess Lakheraj (revenue-free) lands.

16. The consumption of Abkari opium in Assam fell from 1615 maunds in 1920-21 to 993 maunds in 1922-23. Which of the following statements correctly explains the fall in the consumption of opium? [HSLC’25]

(a) The British Government recognising the ill effects of opium consumption restricted its sale.
(b) People understood the ill effects of opium consumption.
(c) There was fall in demand for opium among the people.
(d) Vigorous anti-opium campaign led by the Congress workers.

Answer: (d) Vigorous anti-opium campaign led by the Congress workers.

B. Short Type Questions (Mark: 2/3)

1. Write a brief note on the importance of Phulaguri Dhawa in history. [HSLC’17]
Answer:
The Phulaguri Dhawa of 1861 was a significant peasant uprising in Assam against the British imposition of taxes on betel leaves and opium cultivation. The peasants of Phulaguri village near Nagaon gathered in protest, and the British authorities responded harshly. During the conflict, Lieutenant Singer was killed. This revolt marked the first organized peasant protest in Assam during the colonial period and inspired later movements.

2. Write a brief note on the Jaintia Revolt against the British in 1850. [HSLC’17]
Answer:
The Jaintia Revolt of 1850 occurred when the British abolished the human sacrifice ritual practised by the Jaintia kings at the temple of Nartiang. This angered the local population as they saw it as interference in their religious practices. The British suppression of this revolt laid the foundation for later resentment, culminating in the Jaintia Revolt of 1861 under the leadership of U Kiang Nongbah.

3. Give a brief account of the role of Maniram Dewan in the Revolt of 1857. [HSLC’18]
Answer:
Maniram Dewan was a prominent Assamese aristocrat and freedom fighter. During the Revolt of 1857, he played a significant role by contacting the Ahom princes and other leaders to restore the Ahom monarchy and expel the British from Assam. He tried to mobilize public support but was betrayed. The British arrested him and hanged him on 26 February 1858 along with Piyali Barua, making him a martyr of Assam’s freedom struggle.

4. Write a brief note on the Peasants’ Revolt of Rangia. [HSLC’18]
Answer:
The Peasants’ Revolt of Rangia broke out in 1893-94 when the British government introduced a land revenue settlement system that increased taxes. The peasants of Rangia resisted the new settlement and refused to pay taxes. The movement was eventually suppressed by force, but it highlighted the growing dissatisfaction of peasants with colonial policies.

5. Discuss in brief the causes of the Revolt of 1857-58 in India and its impact on Assam. [HSLC’19]
Answer:
Causes of the Revolt of 1857-58:

Discontent among soldiers due to the greased cartridges issue.
Annexation policies of the British, including the Doctrine of Lapse.
Exploitation of peasants through heavy taxation.
Interference in religious and social practices.

Impact on Assam:

Assam witnessed local uprisings under Maniram Dewan and Piyali Barua.
The revolt strengthened anti-British sentiments among Assamese people.
British repression became more severe, leading to loss of trust between locals and rulers.

6. Briefly discuss the importance of the Revolt of 1857 in Assam. [HSLC’19]
Answer:
The Revolt of 1857 in Assam, led by Maniram Dewan and Piyali Barua, played a crucial role in awakening nationalistic feelings among the Assamese people. Though it was suppressed, it inspired later uprisings such as the Phulaguri Dhawa and the Jaintia Revolt. It also marked the beginning of organized resistance against colonial exploitation in Assam.

7. Discuss the importance of Phulaguri Dhawa in history. [HSLC’19]
Answer:
The Phulaguri Dhawa of 1861 was the first organized peasant uprising in Assam during the British rule. It took place at Phulaguri village near Nagaon, where peasants protested against the introduction of taxes on betel leaves and opium cultivation. Thousands of peasants assembled to voice their grievances peacefully, but the British troops fired upon them, killing many. During this event, Lieutenant Singer was also killed by the angry peasants.

Importance:

It marked the beginning of peasant resistance against British economic policies.
Inspired future movements like the Rangia revolt and Patharughat revolt.
Highlighted the exploitation of Assamese peasants under colonial rule.

8. Write a note on the ‘Peasant Revolt of Patharughatar’. [HSLC’19]
Answer:
The Peasant Revolt of Patharughatar occurred in 1894 in the Darrang district of Assam. It was triggered by the increase in land revenue imposed by the British government. When peasants gathered peacefully at Patharughatar to protest, the British opened unprovoked firing, killing nearly 140 peasants on the spot and injuring many others.

Significance:

It became a symbol of peasant bravery and sacrifice.
Inspired future anti-colonial movements in Assam.
Showed the extent of exploitation and suppression by the British.

9. Mention the impacts of the Revolt of 1857 in Assam. [HSLC’20]
Answer:
The Revolt of 1857 had significant consequences for Assam:

It failed in Assam due to lack of proper organization and support.
Leaders like Maniram Dewan and Piyali Barua were captured and executed.
The British became more oppressive and tightened their control.
Inspired future resistance movements like Phulaguri Dhawa and the Jaintia Revolt.
Created a sense of unity and nationalism among the Assamese people.

10. Write the significance of the Jaintia Revolt against the British. [HSLC’20]
Answer:
The Jaintia Revolt of 1861, led by U Kiang Nongbah, holds a special place in Assam’s history. It started when the British abolished human sacrifice and imposed unjust taxes on the Jaintia people.

Significance:

Showed strong tribal resistance against British interference in religious customs.
Inspired the tribal population to fight for their freedom and rights.
Made U Kiang Nongbah a symbol of bravery and martyrdom.

11. When was the Yandaboo Treaty signed? What was its result? [HSLC’22]
Answer:

The Treaty of Yandaboo was signed on 24 February 1826 between the British East India Company and the Burmese after the First Anglo-Burmese War.
Result:
- Assam came under British control.
- Marked the end of Burmese occupation of Assam.
- Opened a new chapter of colonial rule in Assam’s history.

12. Mention three causes of the failure of the Revolt of 1857 in Assam. [HSLC’22]
Answer:

Lack of proper leadership: There was no single organized leader to guide the revolt effectively.
Limited participation: Only a small section of the Assamese population and some Ahom princes joined the revolt.
Strong British control: The British had well-trained forces and superior resources, which easily suppressed the uprising.

13. Write in brief about the role of ‘Raijmels’ (People’s Assemblies) towards the Peasants’ Revolt in Assam. [HSLC’22]
Answer:
The Raijmels were village-level people’s assemblies that played an important role in organizing the peasants of Assam.

They acted as a platform for discussions on taxes and revenue policies.
Helped mobilize peasants and coordinate protests.
Provided a sense of unity among farmers against British exploitation.
Raijmels were especially active during uprisings like Phulaguri Dhawa, Rangia revolt, and Patharughatar revolt.

14. Throw light on the revenue system introduced by the East India Company in Assam. [HSLC’22]
Answer:
The British introduced a land revenue settlement in Assam after the Treaty of Yandaboo (1826):

Heavy land taxes were imposed on peasants.
The permanent settlement system transferred land ownership to zamindars and increased exploitation.
The revenue demand was often unrealistic, forcing peasants into debt and poverty.
These oppressive policies became a major cause of peasant revolts like Phulaguri Dhawa and Patharughatar.

15. Observe the given statistical data on the collection of revenue (in terms of rupees) by the British Government and answer the questions: [HSLC’25]

District	1832–33	1842–43	1852–53
Kamrup	1,10,181	2,52,991	2,95,996
Darrang	41,506	1,35,454	1,77,405
Nagaon	31,509	1,30,914	1,28,873
Sibsagar	—	80,843	1,14,463
Lakhimpur	—	34,780	46,553

(a) Compare the data between Kamrup and Darrang.
Answer:

In 1832–33, Kamrup collected ₹1,10,181 whereas Darrang collected only ₹41,506.
By 1852–53, Kamrup’s revenue rose to ₹2,95,996 while Darrang’s rose to ₹1,77,405.
Conclusion: Revenue collection in both districts increased sharply, showing the growing burden of taxation.

(b) What was the impact of the change on the peasants of Kamrup and Darrang?
Answer:

The sharp rise in revenue collection increased the financial burden on peasants.
Led to widespread poverty and indebtedness.
Triggered numerous peasant uprisings like the Patharughatar revolt and the Phulaguri Dhawa.

C. Essay Questions

Mark: 4/5

1. Discuss the causes and consequences of the peasant movement in different places of the Brahmaputra Valley during the British rule. [HSLC’12]

Answer:

The Brahmaputra Valley witnessed several peasant movements during the British rule as a result of economic exploitation and oppressive policies. These movements were significant in shaping the socio-political consciousness of Assam.

A. Causes of the Peasant Movements

Oppressive Land Revenue System
- The British introduced high land revenue settlements after the Treaty of Yandaboo (1826).
- Peasants were burdened with heavy taxes, forcing them into debt and poverty.
Introduction of New Taxes
- The British levied taxes on traditional items such as betel leaves and opium cultivation.
- This became one of the main causes of the Phulaguri Dhawa (1861).
Loss of Traditional Rights
- The British abolished the lakheraj system (revenue-free lands) and seized lands from peasants and priests, creating resentment.
Economic Exploitation
- Local peasants suffered under tea plantation policies, where fertile lands were taken over and locals were deprived of employment.
Suppression of Customs and Traditions
- Interference in tribal and religious practices led to uprisings like the Jaintia Revolt of 1861.

B. Major Peasant Movements

Phulaguri Dhawa (1861)
- Took place in Nagaon district against taxes on betel leaves and opium.
- Peasants clashed with British troops; Lieutenant Singer was killed.
- This was the first organized peasant uprising in Assam.
Jaintia Revolt (1861)
- Led by U Kiang Nongbah against the abolition of human sacrifice and imposition of taxes.
- Though suppressed, it became a symbol of tribal resistance.
Rangia Revolt (1893-94)
- Protested against unfair land revenue settlements.
- Highlighted peasants’ demand for tax reduction.
Patharughatar Revolt (1894)
- Took place in Darrang district against increased land revenue.
- The British opened indiscriminate firing, killing around 140 peasants.
- It became a symbol of courage and sacrifice.

C. Consequences of the Peasant Movements

Rise of Political Awareness
- These movements helped peasants realize the exploitative nature of British rule.
Inspiration for Future Struggles
- Revolts like Phulaguri Dhawa and Patharughatar inspired future movements, including anti-opium campaigns and the freedom struggle.
Repressive Policies by the British
- The British used force and legal measures to crush peasant uprisings, leading to greater dissatisfaction.
Unity Among Peasants
- Raijmels (people’s assemblies) helped peasants organize collectively against British exploitation.

Conclusion

The peasant movements in the Brahmaputra Valley during British rule were not isolated events, but a continuous struggle against colonial exploitation. Although most of these revolts failed militarily, they played a crucial role in awakening nationalist consciousness among the people of Assam.

2. Why did the rebellion of 1857-58 occur in Assam?

Answer:
The rebellion of 1857-58 in Assam was part of the First War of Independence and was influenced by several political, economic, and social factors.

Political Causes: The British annexed Assam and abolished the Ahom monarchy, which created resentment among the people.
Economic Causes: Heavy taxation, exploitation of peasants, and the introduction of forced labor (begar) worsened people’s conditions.
Military Discontent: The sepoys of Assam, many of whom were from Bengal and other parts of India, were influenced by the revolt in Meerut and Delhi.
Cultural & Religious Factors: The British policies interfered with local customs and traditions, hurting religious sentiments.
Leadership of Maniram Dewan: Maniram Dewan’s discontent with the British administration inspired many locals to rise against them.

Thus, a combination of these factors led to the outbreak of the rebellion in Assam.
[HSLC ’17]

3. Discuss the reasons why the revolt of 1857-58 failed in Assam.

Answer:
The revolt of 1857-58 failed in Assam due to several reasons:

Lack of Coordination: There was no proper planning or coordination among the leaders of the revolt.
Limited Participation: Unlike other parts of India, only a small section of the Assamese population participated in the uprising.
Strong British Forces: The British had a well-organized army and superior weapons, which suppressed the revolt quickly.
Absence of a Powerful Leader: Apart from Maniram Dewan and Piyoli Barua, no prominent leader emerged to unite the people.
Poor Communication: Due to geographical isolation, Assam remained disconnected from the main centers of the revolt in northern India.

As a result, the revolt did not succeed in achieving its objectives in Assam.
[HSLC ’17]

4. Write in brief how Robertson and Francis Jenkins brought about reformation in district administration during British rule in Assam.

Answer:
Robertson and Francis Jenkins played a significant role in reforming district administration during British rule in Assam:

Francis Jenkins:
- He was appointed as the Commissioner of Assam in 1834.
- Introduced a system of district administration where British officers were given judicial and executive powers.
- Implemented the revenue system to increase British income from land.
Robertson:
- Assisted Jenkins in restructuring the judicial system.
- Improved law and order by appointing local police officers under British supervision.
- Introduced measures to control tribal uprisings and conflicts.

These reforms centralized British authority and strengthened their control over Assam.
[HSLC ’17]

5. Write about the causes of the pitiable condition of the peasants and the people engaged in cottage industries during British rule in Assam.

Answer:
During British rule in Assam, both peasants and artisans suffered terribly due to:

High Revenue Taxes: The British introduced a heavy land revenue system, which forced peasants into debt.
Exploitation by Middlemen: Zamindars and moneylenders exploited peasants by charging high interest rates.
Decline of Cottage Industries:
- The British promoted machine-made goods, leading to the collapse of local handloom and handicraft industries.
- Artisans were left unemployed and impoverished.
Forced Labor: Peasants were often compelled to work for the British without proper wages under the system of begar.
Tea Plantations: Large-scale tea plantations led to the displacement of peasants from their lands.

Thus, the economic policies of the British created widespread poverty among peasants and artisans.
[HSLC ’18]

6. Discuss in brief the importance of the revolt of 1857 in Assam.

Answer:
The revolt of 1857 in Assam, though unsuccessful, had great historical importance:

Awareness of British Oppression: It revealed the exploitative nature of British policies.
Unity Among Locals: Different groups, including peasants, zamindars, and soldiers, came together against a common enemy.
Inspiration for Future Movements: The revolt motivated future leaders and movements in Assam to challenge British authority.
Role of Maniram Dewan: His leadership became a symbol of resistance against colonial rule.

Although it failed, the revolt laid the foundation for later anti-British struggles in Assam.
[HSLC ’23]

7. Discuss the role of Maniram Dewan in the revolt of 1857-58 in Assam.

Answer:
Maniram Dewan played a crucial role in the revolt of 1857-58 in Assam:

Initial Loyalty to the British: He served the British as a Dewan but became dissatisfied due to their exploitative policies.
Restoration of Ahom Monarchy: He conspired to reinstate the Ahom king Kandarpeswar Singha.
Organizing the Revolt:
- He collaborated with Piyoli Barua and other leaders.
- Secretly communicated with sepoys stationed at various places to rise against the British.
Betrayal and Arrest: His plan was discovered by the British, leading to his arrest along with Piyoli Barua.
Martyrdom: Maniram Dewan and Piyoli Barua were executed by hanging in Jorhat on 26 February 1858.

Maniram Dewan’s sacrifice made him one of Assam’s earliest martyrs in the struggle for independence.
[HSLC ’24]

A. MCQ & Very Short Questions (Mark: 1)

(i) ______ was declared as the king of Manipur in September, 1891.

Answer: Tikendrajit Singh ✅
Explanation: Tikendrajit Singh was declared the king of Manipur after the Anglo-Manipur War of 1891.
[HSLC]

(ii) Maniram Dewan and other elite leaders planned to reinstate the Ahom monarchy with ______ as the king.

Answer: Kandarpeswar Singha ✅
Explanation: During the revolt of 1857, Maniram Dewan conspired to restore Kandarpeswar Singha, an Ahom prince, to the throne.
[HSLC]

(iii) In Calcutta, Maniram Dewan met ______, a Bengali Muktiyar, and together they hatched a conspiracy to drive out the British from Assam.

Answer: Rajbhihari Mallik ✅
Explanation: Maniram Dewan and Rajbhihari Mallik secretly planned a revolt against the British to restore the Ahom monarchy in Assam.
[HSLC]

(iv) ______ set up a special Court of Justice wherein Maniram Dewan and Piyoli Barua were sentenced to death on being found guilty of conspiring against the British.

Answer: Captain Holroyd ✅
Explanation: Captain Holroyd presided over the special court that sentenced Maniram Dewan and Piyoli Barua to death in 1858.
[HSLC]

(v) Moffat Mills was a

(a) Chief Commissioner of Assam
(b) Governor-General of Fort William
(c) Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court
(d) Chief officer of Sibsagar district

Answer: (c) Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court ✅
Explanation: Moffat Mills was appointed as the Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court and he later conducted a survey of Assam.
[HSLC]

(vi) The first peasant uprising against the British was known as —

(a) Phulaguri Dhawa
(b) Patharughat Rajimel
(c) Lachima Rajimel
(d) Rangiya Rajimel

Answer: (a) Phulaguri Dhawa ✅
Explanation: The Phulaguri Dhawa of 1861 was the first peasant uprising in Assam against British taxation policies.
[HSLC]

(vii) The peasant revolt on 24th December 1893 was known as —

(a) Phulaguri Dhawa
(b) Patharughat Rajimel
(c) Lachima Rajimel
(d) Rangiya Rajimel

Answer: (b) Patharughat Rajimel ✅
Explanation: The Patharughat Rajimel revolt took place on 24th December 1893 as peasants protested against excessive land taxes.
[HSLC]

(viii) Match the following:

A (Important Events)	B (Date & Year)
A. Maniram Dewan hanged	iii. 26th February, 1858
B. Phulaguri Dhawa	iv. 1861 February
C. Peasant Revolt of Patharughat	i. 24th December, 1893
D. Peasant Revolt started in Rangia	ii. 8th January, 1894

Correct Option: (b) A – v, B – ii, C – iv, D – iii ✅
[HSLC]

(ix) Arrange in chronological order:

Correct Order:
(c) Phulaguri Dhawa → Peasant Revolt of Patharughat → Peasant Revolt of Rangia → Peasant Revolt of Lachima → Maniram Dewan Hanged ✅

(x) Why was the revolt of 1857 failed in Assam?

Answer: ✅ (d) All are true

The number of rebels in Assam was very small.
The leaders failed to understand the importance of time and began late.
Rebels failed to maintain secrecy.
They lacked access to proper arms and ammunition.

(xi) Match the following

Events	Leaders
A. Revolt of Jayantia	(i) Damante
B. The North Cachar Rebellion	(ii) Tikendrajit
C. The Naga Rebellion	(iii) Sambhudhan Kachari
D. The Manipur Rebellion	(iv) Ukiang Nonbah

Correct Option: ✅ (a) A-iv, B-iii, C-i, D-ii

Very Short Questions

1. Who established itself as a powerful ruler in India by the thirties and forties of the 19th century?

Answer: The British East India Company established itself as a powerful ruler.

2. In which year did Moffat Mills come to Assam?

Answer: 1853

3. Who wrote an application to Moffat Mills in 1853?

Answer: Maniram Dewan wrote the application.

4. Name the silks of Assam which had a special demand in the Indian market from the time of Ahom dynasty.

Answer: Muga silk and Pat silk.

5. Who were the Keyas?

Answer: The Keyas were a class of slaves under the Ahom rulers.

6. When did the British stop slavery in Assam?

Answer: In 1843, slavery was abolished.

7. Who planned to reinstate the Ahom monarchy with the grandson of former Ahom king Purandar Singha?

Answer: Maniram Dewan.

8. In the revolt of 1857 the rebels of Assam wanted to re-establish which Ahom Prince on the throne?

Answer: Kandarpeswar Singha.

**9. Who was the Bengali Mukhtiyar who helped Maniram Dewan?**

Answer: Rajbihari Mallik.

10. Who was Jenkins?

Answer: Francis Jenkins was the British Commissioner of Assam.

11. Who intercepted many letters written by Maniram Dewan where the conspiracy against the British government was clearly mentioned?

Answer: Captain Holroyd.

12. Who arrived in Jorhat with a force and arrested Kandarpeswar Singha on September, 1857?

Answer: Lieutenant Singer.

13. How much amount had Manipur to pay to the British government as compensation for the losses incurred during the revolt?

Answer: ₹2.5 lakh (two and a half lakh rupees).

14. When was Maniram Dewan and Piyoli Barua hanged?

Answer: 26th February, 1858.

15. Where was Maniram Dewan and Piyoli Barua hanged?

Answer: They were hanged at Jorhat.

16. Who led the peasant revolts in Assam in the 19th century?

Answer: Mainly Krishna Kanta Handique, Piyoli Phukan, and Maniram Dewan.

17. In which year was the Stamp Duties implemented?

Answer: 1860

18. In which year was the Income Tax implemented?

Answer: 1860

19. In which year was the License Tax implemented?

Answer: 1878

20. In which year was the Grazing Tax implemented?

Answer: 1882

21. When was the Phulaguri Dhawa broken out?

Answer: 17th September, 1861

22. When did the British completely ban the cultivation of poppy?

Answer: In 1860

23. Which ethnic community led the protest at Phulaguri?

Answer: The Tiwa (Lalung) community.

24. Who tried the case of Maniram Dewan?

Answer: Lieutenant Colonel Holroyd.

25. Name the Assistant Commissioner who was killed in the Phulaguri peasants’ revolt?

Answer: Lt. Singer.

26. When did the peasants’ revolt at Rangia break out?

Answer: 1893

27. Name the Tehsildar of Rangia and Tamulpur who was humiliated by the peasants during the revolt of 1893.

Answer: Madan Mohan Choudhury.

28. Who was Riley?

Answer: Riley was a British officer associated with revenue collection.

29. Who was Mr. McCabe?

Answer: Mr. McCabe was the British officer who suppressed the Rangia revolt.

30. Where is Lachima located?

Answer: Lachima is located in Nalbari district, Assam.

31. When did the peasant revolt of Lachima take place?

Answer: 1893

32. When did the peasant revolt of Patharughat take place?

Answer: 28th January, 1894

33. Who was J.D. Anderson?

Answer: J.D. Anderson was the British officer involved in the Patharughat incident.

34. How many peasants died during the police firing in the Patharughat revolt unofficially?

Answer: 140 peasants.

35. How many peasants died during the police firing in the Patharughat revolt officially?

Answer: 15 peasants.

36. When was the Jaintia kingdom came into the hands of the British from the Jaintia King?

Answer: 1835

37. Who was Rajendra Singha?

Answer: Rajendra Singha was an Ahom Prince associated with the 1857 revolt.

38. What is Doli Ron?

Answer: Doli Ron refers to a tax imposed on carrying palanquins during British rule.

Q39. Who wrote the Doli Puran?

Answer: Doli Puran was written by

Q40. Who led the Jaintia revolt in 1861?

Answer: The Jaintia revolt of 1861 was led by U Kiang Nongbah.

Q41. Who led the revolt of the ethnic tribes of North Cachar in 1881?

Answer: The revolt of the ethnic tribes of North Cachar in 1881 was led by Tularam Senapati.

Q42. Who crushed the revolt of the Angami Nagas with an iron hand?

Answer: The revolt of the Angami Nagas was crushed with an iron hand by Gen. John Butler.

Q43. Who punished Tikendrajit with the death sentence?

Answer: The British authorities sentenced Prince Tikendrajit Singh of Manipur to death after the Anglo-Manipur War of 1891.

Q44. In which year was J.W. Quinton murdered?

Answer: J.W. Quinton, the Chief Commissioner of Assam, was murdered in 1891 during the Anglo-Manipur conflict.

Q45. Who was Kulachandra?

Answer: Kulachandra Singh was the king of Manipur during the Anglo-Manipur War of 1891. He supported Tikendrajit in resisting British domination.

Q46. Who was Churachandra?

Answer: Churachandra Singh was a Manipuri prince who later became the king of Manipur after the British reorganized the administration post-1891 war.

Q47. When was Churachandra declared as king of Manipur?

Answer: Churachandra Singh was declared the king of Manipur in 1891, following the defeat of Manipur in the Anglo-Manipur War.

B. Short Type Questions

Q1. Give a short account of the anti-British uprising in Assam.

Answer:
The anti-British uprising in Assam occurred during the Revolt of 1857. Leaders like Maniram Dewan and Piyali Baruah conspired to drive the British out of Assam. They planned to bring back the Ahom monarchy and sought help from soldiers and peasants. However, the conspiracy was discovered, and both Maniram Dewan and Piyali Baruah were hanged on 26th February 1858. Although it failed, the revolt inspired future resistance against British rule.

Q2. How did the land revenue policy and the money economy affect the Assamese common people?

Answer:
The British introduced a cash-based land revenue system, replacing the traditional Ahom system. Peasants were forced to pay high taxes in cash, compelling them to borrow money from Mahajans at high interest rates. This led to poverty, debt, and exploitation, severely affecting the lives of Assamese peasants.

Q3. Who were the ‘Mahajans’ created by the money economy?

Answer:
The ‘Mahajans’ were moneylenders and wealthy traders who lent money to peasants at high interest rates. Due to the British cash revenue system, peasants became dependent on these Mahajans, leading to widespread indebtedness and exploitation.

Q4. What did Anandaram Dhekial Phukan write in his application to Moffat Mills?

Answer:
Anandaram Dhekial Phukan, a noted Assamese intellectual, wrote to Moffat Mills, requesting the revival and promotion of Assamese language and culture. He also highlighted the plight of the Assamese people under British rule and sought reforms in education and administration.

Q5. How did the cottage industry get affected by the policy of British administration?

Answer:
The British promoted machine-made goods from England, which replaced Assamese handwoven products. As a result, traditional cottage industries like silk weaving and handloom suffered greatly, leading to unemployment and economic decline in Assam.

Q6. Who were the Assamese aristocrats made Maujadars with the responsibility to collect taxes earlier?

Answer:
During the Ahom rule, the responsibility to collect taxes was given to Assamese aristocrats known as Maujadars. However, under British rule, many of these local Maujadars lost their positions and were replaced by outsiders.

Q7. Who were the outsiders vested with the responsibility to collect taxes?

Answer:
The British appointed outsiders like Bengali traders, Marwari businessmen, and other non-Assamese people as tax collectors, which created resentment among the local Assamese population.

Q8. How did the Assamese aristocrats suffer when the British stopped slavery in Assam?

Answer:
Under the Ahom system, many Assamese aristocrats owned slaves who worked on their lands. When the British abolished slavery, the aristocrats lost their free labor force, resulting in financial losses and declining social status.

Q9. Why did several Brahmin Purohits of Upper Assam join the revolt of 1857?

Answer:
The Brahmin Purohits of Upper Assam joined the revolt of 1857 because they feared losing their privileges and social status under British policies. They also supported Maniram Dewan’s plan to restore the Ahom monarchy.

Q10. How were the imperialist policies of the British also another reason that led to the revolt of 1857?

Answer:
The British imposed heavy taxes, exploited natural resources, and interfered with the local administration and traditions. They marginalized Assamese leaders and deprived soldiers of their rights, which generated widespread anger and ultimately led to the revolt.

Q11. Name the Indian rulers who led the revolt of 1857.

Answer:
In Assam, the revolt of 1857 was led by:

Maniram Dewan
Piyali Baruah
Kandarpeswar Singha (titular Ahom king)
Gunadhar Konwar

Q12. Give a very short account of how the Assamese people supported the revolt of 1857.

Answer:
The Assamese people supported the revolt by helping Maniram Dewan and Piyali Baruah in their plans, supplying food, arms, and information. Some peasants and soldiers also actively joined the uprising against the British.

Q13. Name the two British army regiments posted in Assam when the revolt of 1857 broke out.

Answer:
The two British army regiments posted in Assam during the revolt of 1857 were:

1st Assam Light Infantry
42nd Assam Light Infantry

Q14. Who hatched a conspiracy to drive out the British from Assam?

Answer:
Maniram Dewan and Piyali Baruah hatched a conspiracy to drive the British out of Assam and restore the Ahom monarchy.

Q15. Name some elites of Assam who responded to Maniram Dewan’s appeal.

Answer:
Several Assamese elites responded to Maniram Dewan’s appeal, including:

Kandarpeswar Singha
Piyali Baruah
Gunadhar Konwar
Peali Phukan

Q16. Who would lead the soldiers in Assam in revolt against the British and who would bring arms and weapons from Calcutta to support the revolt?

Answer: Piyali Baruah would lead the soldiers in Assam in revolt against the British, and Maniram Dewan would bring arms and weapons from Calcutta to support the revolt.

Q17. What did the British do when they came to know about the conspiracy of Maniram Dewan and others against them?

Answer: When the British came to know about the conspiracy of Maniram Dewan and others, they arrested Maniram Dewan, Piyali Baruah, and several other leaders involved in the plan.

Q18. What did the British do with Maniram Dewan when they arrested him?

Answer: After arresting Maniram Dewan, the British tried him in court for treason and sentenced him to death.

Q19. Who were hanged publicly on 26th February, 1858?

Answer: Maniram Dewan and Piyali Baruah were hanged publicly on 26th February, 1858, at Jorhat.

Q20. Who were the leaders sentenced for life imprisonment?

Answer: The leaders sentenced to life imprisonment were several associates of Maniram Dewan, including Gunadhar Konwar and others, who were sent to the Andamans.

Q21. Name the arrested leaders who were sent away to Andamans.

Answer: Gunadhar Konwar, Peali Phukan, and other leaders associated with the revolt were sent away to the Andamans as punishment.

Q22. What did the British do with Kandarpeswar Singha?

Answer: The British arrested Kandarpeswar Singha, the titular Ahom king, and deported him to Kaliabar under strict supervision to prevent him from leading the revolt.

Q23. Mention two causes of the failure of the revolt of 1857 in Assam.

Answer:

Lack of proper coordination: There was no unified leadership, and plans were not well-organized.
Limited resources: The rebels lacked adequate arms, ammunition, and financial support compared to the British.

Q24. Mention two positive effects of the revolt of 1857 in Assam.

Answer:

It inspired the people of Assam to fight against British rule in the future.
It sowed the seeds of nationalism and unity among different sections of Assamese society.

Q25. In which years were the Stamp tax and Income tax implemented?

Answer:

Stamp Tax was implemented in 1860.
Income Tax was implemented in 1860 as well.

Q26. What is Raij Mel?

Answer: Raij Mel was a traditional public assembly or mass gathering in Assam where villagers came together to discuss and protest against unjust policies, particularly the oppressive revenue system imposed by the British.

Q27. Write two causes of the pitiable condition of the peasants of Assam during the British rule.

Answer:

Heavy land revenue and various taxes imposed by the British burdened the peasants.
Exploitation by moneylenders and traders led to severe poverty and indebtedness among peasants.

Q28. Give an account of the revolt of the Nagas against the British administration.

Answer: The Nagas strongly resisted British expansion into their territory. They carried out frequent attacks on British officials and soldiers. The revolt was mainly driven by the Nagas’ desire to protect their land, culture, and independence. The British faced strong resistance but eventually suppressed the uprising through military force.

Q29. Give a short account of Kulachandra.

Answer: Kulachandra Singha, the brother of Kandarpeswar Singha, played a significant role in supporting the anti-British revolt in Assam. After the revolt failed, he was captured by the British and deported to the Andamans, where he remained imprisoned for many years.

Q30. Name the imprisoned leaders allowed to come back to Assam from Andamans after the Queen’s Proclamation of 1858.

Answer: After the Queen’s Proclamation of 1858, some imprisoned leaders like Gunadhar Konwar and several others were granted pardon and allowed to return to Assam.

Q31. After the establishment of the British rule in Assam how did the system of revenue collection change?

Answer:
Under the British, the traditional Ahom revenue system was replaced by a new system:

Cash revenue replaced payment in kind.
New taxes like stamp duty and income tax were introduced.
Land revenue rates were increased, causing hardship for peasants.
Middlemen and agents exploited farmers during revenue collection.

Q32. Short Notes

(a) The Revenue System Implemented by the British in Assam
After the annexation of Assam in 1826 through the Treaty of Yandabo, the British introduced a new revenue system. They abolished the traditional Paik system and introduced the Zamindari and Ryotwari systems in different regions. Under the Zamindari system, landlords collected taxes from peasants and paid a fixed amount to the government, while under the Ryotwari system, peasants paid revenue directly to the British. The high revenue demand, paid mostly in cash, put heavy pressure on the farmers, leading to widespread poverty and discontent among the peasants.

(b) Maniram Dewan
Maniram Dewan was the first Assamese tea planter and a prominent freedom fighter. Initially, he worked closely with the British and helped establish tea cultivation in Assam. However, he became disillusioned with their exploitative policies, especially high revenue demands and control over local resources. He later joined the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857, planning to restore the Ahom monarchy under Kandarpeswar Singha. Arrested and tried by the British, he was executed on 26 February 1858, becoming a martyr in Assam’s freedom struggle.

(c) Phulaguri Dhawa
The Phulaguri Dhawa (Phulaguri uprising) of 1861 was the first organized peasant revolt in Assam against the British. It occurred in Phulaguri, near Nagaon, when peasants protested against the imposition of a tax on betel nuts and paan leaves, essential items for local livelihoods. The protest turned violent when the British police opened fire, killing several peasants. The uprising highlighted growing resentment against exploitative colonial policies and became an inspiration for later peasant movements in Assam.

(d) Jaintia Revolt
The Jaintia Revolt of 1860-1863 was led by the Jaintia tribes against British rule. The British had annexed the Jaintia kingdom and imposed heavy taxes, forced labor, and other exploitative measures. The Jaintias resented the restrictions on their traditional practices, including human sacrifices, and rebelled against the British authority. Although the revolt was eventually suppressed with military force, it showcased the determination of tribal groups to resist colonial interference in their socio-cultural life.

(e) Peasant Revolt of Lachima
The Lachima Revolt took place in 1893-94 in the Lachima region of Assam. It was part of a broader series of peasant uprisings against excessive taxation and exploitation by British authorities and landlords. Farmers, burdened by increasing land taxes and harsh collection methods, organized protests and refused to pay revenue. Although the British crushed the movement using force, it exposed the peasants' growing political consciousness and desire for justice.

(f) Battle of Patharughat
The Battle of Patharughat took place on 28 January 1894 in Darrang district, Assam. It was one of the most significant peasant uprisings against British revenue policies. When villagers gathered peacefully to protest against unfair land taxes, British forces opened fire, killing nearly 140 peasants and injuring many others. The massacre is often compared to the Jallianwala Bagh tragedy and is remembered as a symbol of Assamese peasants’ courage and sacrifice in resisting colonial oppression.

(g) Importance of Peasant Revolts in Assam
The peasant revolts in Assam, such as Phulaguri Dhawa, Patharughat uprising, and others, played a crucial role in shaping the socio-political consciousness of the Assamese people. These revolts:

Exposed the exploitative nature of British taxation and land policies.
Inspired unity among peasants and strengthened local resistance against colonial authority.
Created awareness of rights and justice among common people.
Paved the way for later organized freedom movements in Assam.
Thus, they laid the foundation for Assam’s contribution to India’s independence struggle.

(h) Tikendrajit
Prince Tikendrajit Singh, also known as the “Lion of Manipur”, was a heroic figure in the Anglo-Manipur War of 1891. As the commander of the Manipuri army, he fiercely resisted British attempts to interfere in Manipur’s royal succession. After intense fighting, the British captured and executed Tikendrajit on 13 August 1891. His martyrdom is celebrated in Manipur every year as Patriots’ Day, and he remains a symbol of courage and resistance against colonial domination.

(i) Raij Mel
Raij Mels were public meetings organized by the people of Assam during the 19th century to discuss social, economic, and political issues under British rule. They became important platforms for expressing dissatisfaction against heavy taxes, land policies, and administrative injustice. Often, these gatherings inspired collective action, such as refusing to pay revenue or petitioning against unfair laws. The Raij Mels played a significant role in mobilizing public opinion and fostering unity among different sections of Assamese society.

(j) Peasant Revolt of Rangia

The Peasant Revolt of Rangia (1893-94) occurred in the Kamrup district of Assam. The British government had increased land revenue taxes excessively, causing great hardship to the peasants. Under the leadership of Daulat Ali, the peasants organized a revolt against the oppressive policies. They refused to pay the increased taxes and protested against the exploitation by revenue officials. The British suppressed the revolt using police and military force, arresting leaders and punishing participants. Despite its failure, the revolt symbolized the growing anti-British sentiment among Assamese peasants.

(k) Ethnic (Tribal) Revolt

The Ethnic or Tribal Revolts in Assam were a series of uprisings by tribal communities against British rule. Tribes like the Khasis, Garos, Nagas, Mishmis, and Kacharis rose in protest during the 19th century. The main causes included:

Excessive land revenue taxes
British interference in tribal administration
Loss of traditional autonomy and culture
Exploitation by traders and officials

These revolts, though localized, reflected the determination of the tribal communities to protect their identity, land, and freedom from colonial domination.

(l) Revolt of Nagas

The Revolt of the Nagas took place in 1879-1880 in the Naga Hills against British interference in their traditional way of life. The British attempted to impose their administrative control and collect taxes, which angered the Nagas. Led by local tribal chiefs, the Nagas launched attacks on British outposts and officials. The British responded with military campaigns, causing heavy casualties. Though suppressed, the revolt demonstrated the fierce independence of the Nagas and their resistance to foreign domination.

(m) Sambhudhan Kachari

Sambhudhan Kachari was a prominent tribal leader who led the North Cachar revolt in 1857. The British imposed high taxes and disrupted the traditional administration of the Kachari tribe, causing widespread discontent. Sambhudhan Kachari organized his followers and launched an armed rebellion against the British in the North Cachar Hills. The rebels attacked British establishments and tried to reclaim their autonomy. However, the British suppressed the revolt and executed Sambhudhan Kachari. He is remembered as a brave tribal freedom fighter of Assam.

(n) Kulachandra

Kulachandra Singh was the King of Manipur during the anti-British revolt of 1891. He, along with Prince Tikendrajit Singh, opposed British interference in the internal affairs of Manipur. When the British tried to install their preferred ruler, Kulachandra supported the Manipuri forces in resisting them. After the defeat of Manipuri forces, Kulachandra was captured by the British and deported to the Andaman Islands. He is remembered as a ruler who stood firmly against British imperialism and fought to protect Manipur’s sovereignty.

C. Essay Type Questions

Marks: 4/5

Q1. How did the new land revenue policy and the money economy affect the common people in Assam?

Answer:
The introduction of the new land revenue policy by the British in Assam brought severe hardships to the common people. The British replaced the traditional system of revenue collection with a money-based economy. Under this system:

Peasants had to pay taxes in cash instead of kind.
Since the rural economy was still underdeveloped and cash circulation was low, peasants were forced to borrow money from moneylenders at high interest rates.
Failure to pay taxes often led to confiscation of lands and increased poverty.
This policy disrupted the traditional agrarian structure and forced many peasants into debt traps.

Thus, the new land revenue policy and money economy increased the economic burden on the common people and created widespread dissatisfaction in Assam.

Q2. Discuss the reasons why the revolt of 1857-58 failed in Assam.

Answer:
The revolt of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence, failed in Assam due to several reasons:

Lack of Unity: The rebels in Assam lacked proper coordination and unity.
Limited Scope: Only a few parts of Assam, such as Gauhati and Dibrugarh, witnessed active participation, making the uprising small in scale.
Strong British Control: The British army quickly suppressed the rebellion with superior weapons and resources.
Absence of Mass Support: Most peasants and tribal communities did not join the revolt in large numbers.
Isolation: Assam was geographically isolated from the main centers of rebellion in North India, preventing effective communication and coordination.

Due to these factors, the revolt failed to achieve its objectives in Assam.

Q3. Discuss the importance of the revolt of 1857 in Assam.

Answer:
Though the revolt of 1857 failed in Assam, it had significant importance:

It marked the first organized resistance against British rule in the region.
Inspired future freedom movements and revolts among peasants and tribes.
Created a sense of nationalism among the people of Assam.
Highlighted the grievances of local rulers, soldiers, and common people against the oppressive British policies.

Thus, the revolt of 1857 served as a foundation for future anti-British struggles in Assam.

Q4. Discuss the peasant revolt of North Kamrup in 1894.

Answer:
The peasant revolt of North Kamrup in 1894 was a significant uprising against oppressive British policies:

The British imposed high land revenue taxes, which the poor peasants could not afford.
When the peasants failed to pay, British officials confiscated their lands and cattle.
This exploitation led to a massive peasant uprising in North Kamrup.
The revolt was suppressed by the British using police and military force, resulting in arrests and punishments.

Despite its suppression, the revolt reflected the peasants’ growing resistance to colonial exploitation.

Q5. Give an account of the peasant revolt of Patharughat in 1894.

Answer:
The Patharughat peasant revolt of 1894 was one of the most remarkable movements in Assam:

The British government increased land revenue taxes by 70–80%, causing widespread discontent.
On 28 January 1894, thousands of peasants gathered at Patharughat (Darrang district) to protest peacefully.
British police opened firing on the unarmed crowd, killing about 140 peasants and injuring many others.
This incident became known as the “Patharughat massacre”.

The revolt is remembered as a symbol of peasant courage and sacrifice against British oppression.

Q6. Write about the anti-British revolt of 1891 in Manipur under the leadership of Tikendrajit.

Answer:
The anti-British revolt of 1891 in Manipur was a heroic struggle led by Prince Tikendrajit Singh:

The British interfered in the royal succession dispute of Manipur, which angered the local rulers.
Prince Tikendrajit opposed British dominance and became a symbol of resistance.
On 24 March 1891, Manipuri forces attacked the British residency and killed several officers.
The British retaliated with a massive military campaign and defeated the Manipuri forces.
Tikendrajit Singh was captured and executed on 13 August 1891.

The revolt is considered a milestone in the history of Manipur’s resistance to British colonialism.

Q7. Discuss in brief the causes of the revolt of 1857-58.

Answer:
The revolt of 1857 was caused by a combination of political, economic, social, and military factors:

Political Causes: British annexation policies like the Doctrine of Lapse angered Indian rulers.
Economic Exploitation: Heavy taxes, destruction of local industries, and unfair trade practices impoverished Indians.
Religious Interference: Forced conversions and introduction of new laws hurt religious sentiments.
Military Discontent: Indian soldiers faced discrimination, low wages, and introduction of greased cartridges sparked resentment.
Social Factors: British reforms challenged traditional customs and beliefs.

These causes together ignited the revolt, which became the first large-scale challenge to British rule in India.

Q8. Write a note on the North Cachar revolt.

Answer:
The North Cachar revolt took place in 1857 under the leadership of Sambhudhan Kachari:

The British imposed heavy taxes and interfered in the traditional administration of the Kachari people.
Sambhudhan Kachari mobilized his followers and launched an armed resistance against the British.
The rebels attacked British outposts and tried to drive them out of North Cachar Hills.
However, the revolt was suppressed with brutal force, and Sambhudhan Kachari was captured and executed.

The revolt symbolized the tribal resistance to British domination in Assam.

Sakil Ahmed Classes